On the Structural Method of Analysis of State Policy in the Field of Science and Technology

Introduction. The article proposes a method of theoretical research on state policy in the scientific field by highlighting economic, legal and administrative aspects in its structure and using the well-known theoretical models of economics, law and politics to analyze specific documents and identify theoretical problems that require special study. The essence of the proposed changes in the methods of analysis is that, while at present the economic and legal aspects are considered instruments subordinate to the political objective, in the future it will be necessary to optimize these policy elements based on the developed theoretical apparatus in these areas and build state policy as a system of coordinated solutions in various aspects. Methods. An effective state policy is possible only on the condition of harmonious use of the methods inherent in each of the abovementioned areas of science. In the field of science management, the use of the economic theory of externalities (external effects) and institutional theory (optimization conditions) is especially relevant. At present, in Russia, the state policy in the scientific field is formed centrally in subordination to objectives that are also formed by political authorities. For this reason, the advantage of the three components of politics (management, economics and law) is, of course, given to management. The term management is introduced to distinguish between politics as a whole and politics as a complex of administrative measures. Results and Discussion. The study of management methods in terms and concepts of political science reveals the structure of political subjects and their hierarchy. The fulfillment of the goal-setting function and the dependence of its implementation on the prevailing structure of policy subjects were tracked in the greatest detail. It is shown that the insufficient presence of scientific organizations in the system of political subjects leads to the focus of the goals of state programs on the state apparatus as executors and participants in the formation of goals and objectives. In the study of the legal aspect of state policy in the scientific field, the premise of the tendency for the scientific potential of an organization and an individual scientist to turn into a basis for acquiring the properties of a political subject in the scientific field was put forward as a scientific hypothesis. Scientific potential is considered a resource, the possession of which enables one to become a subject of politics in the scientific field, as the possession of capital enables one to be a subject in the economic sphere. An analysis of economic relations regulated by state scientific policy has shown a transitional state of methods for their regulation between administrative and market ones. The principles of the civil code are partially observed. The legislation on scientific activity, including new bills, introduces provisions without relying on the requirements of the institutional theory of taking into account the public good when allocating budget funds; the requirement of the economic responsibility of the subject making economic decisions is not met. These circumstances require research in order to form a more advanced system of state support for the scientific sphere. Conclusion. As a result of the study, a natural interdependence of the main sections of state policy in the scientific field (management, economics and law) was identified with the recommendation to start research on ways to modernize policy in the scientific field using the methods and principles of economic and legal science.