FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MORTALITY IN ADULT PATIENTS WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN AL-AHSA, SAUDI ARABI, 2018-2022

Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic disorder caused by abnormal hemoglobin S production, leading to sickle-shaped red blood cells, anemia, and high morbidity and mortality rates. In Saudi Arabia, sickle-cell mutation affects 4.45% of the population, with a mortality rate of 0.73%. This case-controlled study aimed to identify mortality-associated factors among adults with Sickle Cell disease in Al-Ahsa from 2018 to 2022. Univariate analysis revealed several independent risk factors for mortality, such as gender, older age, chronic disease, SCD complications, previous surgery, CXR infiltration, and positive blood culture. Males exhibit a higher risk of non-survival compared to females, potentially due to more severe symptoms and complications. Older patients (>35 years) face an increased risk of non-survival due to age-related end-organ damage. Comorbidities, such as renal diseases and bronchial asthma, are prevalent in SCD patients and worsen with age. Lower hemoglobin levels, higher hospitalization frequency, and vaso-occlusive crises are associated with increased mortality rates. The study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive care, including specialist access, regular follow-up, and proper treatment, to improve survival outcomes. Early recognition and management of complications, such as renal failure and infection, along with interventions like vaccinations, prophylactic antibiotics, hydroxyurea, and splenectomy, can positively impact survival. Further research is needed to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms and develop more effective treatments for SCD.