Shape Optimization in Low-Observable Aerodynamic Design

This research explores the development of airfoils optimized for low-observable aerodynamic applications, balancing stealth characteristics with aerodynamic performance. A comprehensive analysis of over 100 NACA airfoils identified NACA 2412 and NACA 0012 as the optimal choice due to its favorable radar cross-section (RCS) and high lift-to-drag ratio (L/D), essential for subsonic efficiency. Initial aero- dynamic evaluations using XFLR5 supported the NACA 0012 2412's performance, aligning with previous findings (Li et al., 2016; Ander- son, 2011). Detailed CFD simulations with ANSYS Fluent, applying Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the k-epsilon turbulence model, established a robust baseline for the airfoil's flow characteristics (Shyy et al., 2013; Versteeg and Malalasekera, 2007). To further refine the design, adjoint-based shape optimization was conducted using SU2, an open-source tool known for its advanced adjoint solvers and computational efficiency. Comparative analysis between the baseline ANSYS Fluent results and SU2-optimized simulations demonstrated significant performance improvements, including reduced drag and maintained lift and stability. This comparative study underscores SU2's effectiveness in enhancing stealth airfoil de- sign, reflecting its superior capability in high-fidelity aerodynamic optimization (Alonso et al., 2016-2024). The integration of SU2 into the design process highlights its potential for advancing low-observable aircraft technology.