Effect of geographical and agroclimatic location on phytocompounds and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaves

Moringa oleifera L. is renowned for its rich phytochemical content and significant biological activity. The influence of geographic location and agroclimatic conditions on phytochemical content and bioactivity of plants remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the impact of geographical and agroclimatic location on the phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial potential of M. oleifera leaves. Phytochemical content was measured qualitatively and quantitatively, as well as bioactivity analysis was carried out by testing antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Interestingly, three dominant compounds were identified in both samples using the molecular docking tool. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites in both samples, which were collected from two different locations. The identified metabolites were alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, quinones, and glycosides. The accumulation of phenols, flavonoid, and antioxidants in sample M1 was higher compared to sample M2. The results further suggest the confirmation of OH, C=O, CO, aliphatic, and aromatic carbons functional groups in samples. The most dominant compound 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid (Z, Z, Z) found in sample M2. Molecular docking analysis suggests that the detected compounds have promising antioxidant and antibacterial activity, but their potential may vary due to divergence of geographical location and agroclimatic conditions. In addition, geographical location and agroclimatic conditions influenced the potential of other phytochemical and bioactivity in M. oleifera leaves. In conclusion, the overall findings can be effective for screening environmental factors-based regulation of potential compounds in M. oleifera and their pharmacological interest.