A comprehensive review of present therapies of acanthosis nigricans

BACKGROUND: Acanthosis nigricans (AN), marked by velvety skin plaques, signifies an underlying systemic disorder linked to rising obesity and diabetes rates. This study explores a comprehensive investigation of current AN treatment options, aiding clinicians in choosing effective and appropriate interventions for patients. METHODS: A literature review was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and MEDLINE, focusing on AN treatments in the last decade and a total of 32 articles were evaluated. RESULTS: Topical treatments, including retinoids, vitamin D analogs, keratolytics, and peels, are explored. Topical retinoids, especially tretinoin and adapalene, have demonstrated efficacy in clinical studies, while vitamin D analogs like calcipotriol show promise. Systemic treatments, such as oral retinoids (isotretinoin, acitretin, etretinate), insulin sensitizers (metformin, rosiglitazone), and other oral medications, are discussed. Metformin stands out for its effectiveness in treating AN associated with insulin resistance (IR). Cosmetic lasers, including alexandrite and carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers, offer successful outcomes in treating AN although cost and availability can be limiting factors. Other treatments, such as podophyllin, fish oil, photochemotherapy (PUVA), and surgery, are also considered. CONCLUSION: AN necessitates a multifaceted approach, targeting both underlying systemic disorders and cosmetic concerns. The findings underscore the significance of topical treatments, systemic therapies like metformin, and the promising role of cosmetic lasers in AN management. Despite limitations in available studies, this comprehensive overview provides valuable insights for healthcare providers, emphasizing the need for personalized treatment strategies. As the prevalence of AN rises globally, continued research and clinical exploration are essential to refine and expand treatment options for this dermatological condition.