Public Policy Efficiency in SME Development: Analysis of Kazakhstan’s State Programs and Urban Implementation Challenges

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are widely recognized as key drivers of economic growth, innovation, and employment. In Kazakhstan, the government has introduced a range of public policy programs aimed at supporting SME development, particularly through financial support, infrastructure access, and institutional facilitation. However, despite ambitious objectives, the effectiveness of these programs remains uneven, especially at the urban level. This article analyzes the efficiency of state programs supporting SMEs in Kazakhstan, with a specific focus on their implementation in the city of Almaty. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines policy document analysis and empirical data review, the paper identifies critical implementation challenges, including administrative complexity, limited digitalization, and weak monitoring mechanisms. The findings suggest that while Kazakhstan has made progress in establishing a supportive policy environment for SMEs, significant barriers persist that hinder practical outcomes. The article concludes with targeted recommendations for improving policy efficiency through localized adaptation, stronger digital tools, and enhanced inter-agency coordination.