pHEMA as a biomaterial for Artificial Cornea Applications: A short Study

Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) is widely recognized as a leading candidate for artificial cornea applications due to its exceptional optical clarity, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. pHEMA's transparency and low light scattering make it an ideal material for corneal prostheses, which must closely mimic the natural cornea's ability to transmit light while maintaining structural integrity. This study provides a comprehensive examination of pHEMA's physical, chemical, and biological properties, fabrication techniques, and modifications tailored for corneal replacements. The inherent hydrophilicity of pHEMA allows for good tissue integration and hydration, which is essential for the maintenance of corneal function. Additionally, pHEMA exhibits favorable mechanical properties, including flexibility and strength, necessary for withstanding the dynamic forces placed on the cornea. However, key challenges remain in the development of pHEMA-based artificial corneas. One of the primary obstacles is its hydrophobicity after certain surface treatments or processing steps, which can compromise its biocompatibility. Additionally, the material's vulnerability to immune response, inflammation, and rejection by the host tissue remains a concern for long-term implantation. Mechanical durability, particularly the wear and tear associated with corneal movement during blinking, also requires improvement to ensure the longevity of the prosthesis. To address these challenges, this paper discusses cutting-edge solutions such as micro- and nanofabrication techniques that enhance the material's surface properties and mechanical performance. Surface treatments, including plasma modification, chemical crosslinking, and the incorporation of biomolecules, have been explored to improve pHEMA’s hydrophilicity, reduce the immune response, and enhance cellular adhesion. Furthermore, biofunctionalization strategies that promote the integration of pHEMA with surrounding tissue and support epithelial and endothelial cell growth are considered crucial for improving long-term clinical outcomes. The development of composite materials and pHEMA blends with other polymers or bioactive molecules is also examined as a strategy to enhance the overall performance of artificial corneas. These approaches can optimize pHEMA’s mechanical durability and reduce the risk of complications such as tissue rejection and graft failure. This paper aims to serve as a foundation for further innovation in the design and development of artificial corneas. It provides an in-depth look into the various facets of pHEMA’s potential, while also identifying critical areas of research that require attention in order to overcome current limitations. By advancing the understanding of pHEMA’s properties and exploring novel fabrication methods, this study contributes to the ongoing efforts to create more effective and sustainable solutions for corneal transplantation.However, key challenges remain in the development of pHEMA-based artificial corneas. One of the primary obstacles is its hydrophobicity after certain surface treatments or processing steps, which can compromise its biocompatibility. Additionally, the material's vulnerability to immune response, inflammation, and rejection by the host tissue remains a concern for long-term implantation. Mechanical durability, particularly the wear and tear associated with corneal movement during blinking, also requires improvement to ensure the longevity of the prosthesis. To address these challenges, this paper discusses cutting-edge solutions such as micro- and nanofabrication techniques that enhance the material's surface properties and mechanical performance. Surface treatments, including plasma modification, chemical crosslinking, and the incorporation of biomolecules, have been explored to improve pHEMA’s hydrophilicity, reduce the immune response, and enhance cellular adhesion. Furthermore, biofunctionalization strategies that promote the integration of pHEMA with surrounding tissue and support epithelial and endothelial cell growth are considered crucial for improving long-term clinical outcomes. The development of composite materials and pHEMA blends with other polymers or bioactive molecules is also examined as a strategy to enhance the overall performance of artificial corneas.