Topography of Hoards and Finds of Oriental and Bulgar Silver

The author offers a new topography of oriental silver coins and their Bulgar imitations found in the lands of the Volga Bulgaria and adjacent territories: three topographic maps for the hoards of 9th, 10th and 11th centuries and a map of coin finds in the early Bulgar and early Mari burial grounds. Their analysis shows that the 10th century was the peak time for the circulation of Kufic coins in the Volga Bulgaria and the territories under its economic influence. The mapping of hoards identified three centers of monetary accumulation: the Volga Bulgaria itself, the Oka basin and the north of the modern Udmurtia. The article also supplies new data on coins minted by the emirs of the Volga Bulgaria and found in the Middle Volga region.