ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF RETAINING WALL IN STATIC AND SEISMIC CONDITIONS: A REVIEW

This review study contemplates the relevant theories to understand response of retaining wall in static and seismic condition. The heavy soil mass is supported by retaining walls in various fields of civil engineering such as hydraulics, irrigation structures, highways, railways, tunnels, mining etc. Evaluation of lateral earth pressure is key factor to design retaining wall. In the static condition, the lateral earth pressure exerted by retained soil mass only. In some cases, the deformation in retaining wall due static loading may be negligibly small; in others it cause significant damage. In earthquake prone area, earthquake can induce large destabilizing force in retaining wall and backfill soil, seismically induced force has greater influence on lateral earth pressure. Earthquakes have caused permanent deformations in retaining wall in many historical earthquake. In some cases, retaining walls have collapsed during earthquake with disastrous physical and economic consequences. Meanwhile, it is very much important to evaluate dynamic earth pressure accurately. This review shows the development of concept to evaluate dynamic lateral earth pressure based on analytical, experimental and numerical method for computation of dynamic lateral earth pressure. The current research brings a comprehensive and categorized review of response of retaining wall system in static condition and dynamic condition.