Monoplanar Acces for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy has undergone considerable evolution since its introduction in the 1970s, which has been driven by advances in access techniques, instrumentation and endoscopic technology. Renal access can be achieved by ultrasonography, fluoroscopy and computed tomography guidance. Access under fluoroscopy control can be performed under monoplanar or biplanar guidance. The biplanar access can be achieved by “triangulation” or “eye of the needle” (bull's eye) techniques. The monoplanar access is safe; decreases puncture and radiation time and has similar success rates as the biplanar access.