Detecting Some Limits of Formal Ontologies

This case study tries to detect and exemplify some of the presumptions and limits that formal ontologies cannot cross. A comprehensible example is demonstrated. Usefulness of formal ontologies is not questioned, but the examples show limits of their paradigm. No particularly surprising findings are made, just commonly accepted knowledge is highlighted in examples, which complements the formal ontologies. Neglecting that knowledge hinders foundational ontologies from efficient support of domain conceptual models formalization to be valid.