An Overview of Structure and Functions of Adipose Tissue in the Normal State and in Pathologies

The purpose of the study was to carry out an analysis of scientific sources and apply the experience of research work on the structure and functions of adipose tissue in the norm and in the manifestation of pathological changes. Adipose tissue is a special type of connective tissue that has special properties and is distributed throughout the human body. For a long time, the adipose tissue has been assumed to be just a “depot” of triglycerides and its only functions are limited to the role of a soft litter in a number of organs, and a layer between them. I also takes part in the process of thermoregulation. However, recent studies show the wider range of processes in which adipose tissue plays an important role. Substances, secreted by the cells of an adipose tissue include a number of enzymes, tissue hormones, and cytokines. They take an active part in the general energy processes, and modulation of inflammatory reactions, play an important role in angiogenesis, hemostasis and maintaining blood pressure. Malfunctions of this tissue may lead to numerous polyethiologic pathologies that have different mechanisms of development, can be either congenital or acquired. Two general diseases of this etiology are obesity and lipodystrophy. The development of obesity may be caused by dysfunctions of the endocrine system, damage to the structures of the brain, as well as usage of some medications. Lipodystrophy is a term that describes a complex of diseases associated with a partial or total absence of adipose tissue. Conclusions. The following pathological conditions are congenital generalized lipodystrophy, acquired lipoatrophy syndrome, familial partial lipodystrophy, Werner syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, etc. Understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases gives a possibility to develop effective methods for their prevention and treatment.