Review of Bone Fracture Detection and Characterization Techniques

Background: Bone fracture is a common medical condition that brings about discontinuity in the skeletal structure. A reliable diagnosis of bone fracture depends on various imaging techniques. Detection and characterization of bone fracture is primarily achieved by imaging techniques such as X-ray, and CT scans which are expensive, technologically complex and beyond the reach of most of the world population. According to the World Health Organization, 75% of the world population does not have access to imaging diagnostic service. Objectives: We aim to explore the various existing alternatives to X-Ray and CT based diagnostics imaging for fracture detection and characterization. We will try to identify a low cost and accessible method that can be used. However, in order to do this, it is essential to review all alternative methods and compare the cost and accuracy of each. Search Strategy: We conducted an extensive literature search in Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane Central in the period from January to March 2017. We used the following keywords ?Bone Fractures, Detection Technology, ultrasound sonography, Acoustic scanning, Cost, Cheep Methods?. All types of publications were included with no limits regarding the date of publication. We augmented our databases by searching the reference lists of identified related reviews. Conclusion: Acoustic scanning, a non-imaging technique in which, similar to non-destructive techniques employed in the detection of defects and flaws in metal and composite materials, ultrasonic waves are transmitted through the human bone and analyzed after going through the bone, offers accuracy comparable to an ultrasound imaging at very little cost. The traditional method does depend on the expertise of a physician for correct diagnosis. However, this shortcoming is now easily negated. Integrating electronic circuitry, software and acoustic scanning can provide an alternative that is reasonably accurate at very low cost. It is also very simple to use and it is possible to train field workers to use the same. Such a product can make significant differences in the world, and provide millions of people with affordable fracture detection technology.