YAMPIL DISTRICT OF PODILLIA PROVINCE IN THE POST-REFORM PERIOD (1862–1872): SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, DEMOGRAPHY, AND CLASS STRATIFICATION FEATURES

In the post-reformed period in the Yampil district, the main social group was peasants who were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding. Without having their own land, they were forced to work for landowners. Despite the outdated management methods, favorable climate and fertile soils gave high yields, allowing capital accumulation. However, the unresolved land issue has led to problems in various spheres of life, which forced everyone to take a wait-and-see attitude. Lease relations began to develop with the use of hired labor. The landowners continued to own large land possessions and livestock. There were no investments in agriculture. Most of the grown product was used for their own consumption. Small production was closely related to agriculture and was based on outdated technologies and manual labor. The craft was developed at home using family members. Commodity-money relations were underdeveloped, and capitalist relations were absent.