BIOLOGICAL AND PHARMAC E UTICAL BUFFER SYSTEMS

Generally, buffers are used in the pharmaceutical products for two purposes, viz., to adjust the PH of Product for maximum stability and to maintain the PH within the optimum physio logical PH range. Pharmaceutical solutions generally have a low buffer capacity in order to prevent overwhelming the bodies’ own buffer systems and significantly changing the PH of the body fluids. Buffers have concentrations in the range of 0.05 to 0.5M a nd buffer capacities in the range of 0.01 to 0.1, which are usually sufficient for pharmaceutical solutions. Most pharmaceutical buffers are composed of ingradients that are found in the body ( eg. acetate , phosphate , citrate and borate) . The ingradients ar e selected from the available ones considering their sterility, stability, cost, toxicity, etc . Key Words: Buffers, Optimization, Citric acid, L acrimal fluids