Antiviral potential of terpenoids against major viral infections: Recent advances, challenges, and opportunities

Terpenoids are a diverse class of phytochemicals derived from isoprene units that have shown significant potential as antiviral agents. This review aimed to comprehensively explore the antiviral activities of terpenoids and their implications in the field of virology. Key findings from various studies have demonstrated the efficacy of terpenoids against a wide spectrum of viruses, encompassing both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Mechanistic insights into their antiviral action involve interference with viral entry, replication, and modulation of the host immune responses. Their multifaceted mechanisms of action make them attractive targets for combating viral infections and offer opportunities for synergy with existing antiviral drugs. Despite substantial progress in this field, several gaps must be addressed, including elucidation of specific molecular targets and signaling pathways of different terpenoids, investigations of its safety and potential side effects, and optimization of formulations and delivery methods for better bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. In conclusion, this comprehensive review provides a foundation for continued exploration and innovation in terpenoid-based antiviral research with the ultimate aim of improving global health outcomes in the face of viral threats.