Мова ворожнечі й політкоректність у сучасній суспільно-політичній комунікації

The article discusses the concepts of hate speech and political correctness as specific ways of organization of discourse and corresponding form of verbal behavior that can be assessed from the perspective of pragmatic linguistics, sociolinguistics and legal linguistics. The above terms emerged on the intersection of linguistic and non-linguistic disciplines related to social studies and their terminological refinement is still in process. The notion of hate speech is covered by the umbrella term verbal aggression which denotes all sorts of verbal behavior having common communicative intent of purposeful doing harm to a particular individual, group of individuals, institution or society in general. But compared to other manifestations of verbal aggression hate speech is directed towards the person or persons representing definite social group, it relies on the rooted social stereotypes of stigmatization of this group, and it replicates this stigmatization. The term of hate speech which is a derivative of the juridical phrase hate speech crime lost a great deal of its juridical background and stared being used in a broader meaning as a way of providing information about a person or a group of individuals based on a certain stereotype feature which can be traumatic but does not always fall under the juridical definition of crime or non-criminal offence. Hate speech is usually induced by the speaker's aggressive intent. Politically correct behavior, on the contrary, is rather oriented towards the perlocutive potential of the verbal form, more specifically on their ability to injure the listener irrespective of the speaker's intent. Politically correct illocution consists in the purposeful self-censorship which becomes a part of person's verbal behavior. Political correctness is characteristic of verbal behavior not from the perspective of the speaker's intent, but from its correspondence to the societal ethical expectations. Despite its unspecified formal status the concept of political correctness in the Western world has already become a part of linguistic ideology and induced noticeable changes in the speech etiquette.