Cumulative Effect of Inorganic Salts Extracted from Cleome Gynandra Leaves against MCF-7 Cell Lines

Cleome gynandra, a renowned medicinal herb used for various therapeutic applications, including breast cancer. Breast cancer, which accounts for roughly 24% of cancer-related occurrences worldwide, is one of the malignant tumors that affect women and the second form of cancer that kills women. In the present study, a salt from Cleome gynandra leaves was extracted, and its anti-cancer activity was determined against Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cells. The salt was subjected to phytoconstituents screening, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and anti-proliferative study. Preliminary phytoconstituents screening of the salt showed the occurrence of glycosides, terpenoids, proteins, saponins, and flavonoids. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy investigation of the salt showed the presence of calcium (0.159 mg/422.7 nm), potassium (38.80 mg/766.5 nm), and sodium (0.650 mg/589.0 nm), respectively. The XRD analysis of the salts exhibits the characteristic peaks for the minerals Ca, Na, and Mg. Furthermore, the FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) spectrum of the salt displays a broad peak in the range of 3000 to 3700 cm-1 with peaks of 3412 and 3694 cm-1, representing O−H stretching vibrations of carboxylic acid and alcohol groups, respectively. Similarly, a small hump at ~1750 cm-1 is ascribed to C═O stretching of carboxylic acid. These findings indicate the presence of alcohol (1,2,3-proanetriol-1-acetate and Phytol) and carboxylic acid (n-hexadecanoic acid and linolenic acid) functional groups in the chemical composition of Cleome gynandra salt. The cytotoxicity activity of salt on the MCF-7 cell line was found to have an IC50 value of 29 µg/mL. A concentration-dependent apoptotic effect and DNA fragmentation were detected in the MCF-7 cells treated with salt. Based on the result, it has been suggested that the salt extracted from C. gynandra leaves has good anti-cancer activity. The study's findings indicate that salt extracted from plant leaves has an apoptotic impact; this effect may be attributed to the plant's abundance of minerals and secondary metabolites.