THE FACTORY INDUSTRY OF PODILLIA PROVINCE IN THE POST-REFORM PERIOD: FEATURES OF THE MULTIFACETED PROCESS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

This scientific article explores the industrial development of the Podolsk Governorate during the post-reform period, focusing on the definition of the terms “factory” and “plant” and analyzing their differences in the historical context. The article offers a comparative table of characteristics of factories and plants in the 19th century, indicating distinctions in technologies, sizes of enterprises, number of employees, and other key factors. The author also analyzes the history of the emergence of factory-plant production in Europe and the Russian Empire, pointing out historical differences in the development of these systems in different regions. Specifically, the Russian experience is examined, where factory-plant production was artificially created by Peter I, leading to unique forms of organization and financing of industry. Historical sciences The article provides a detailed description of the industrial development of the Podolsk Governorate, including statistical data on the number of factories, employees, and production volumes in key periods. Particular attention is paid to sectors such as distilleries and sugar factories, which played a crucial role in the region's economy. The study also touches on key socio-economic aspects, including the impact of the 1861 reform on industry and the working conditions of employees. The article emphasizes that despite certain successes, the industry of the Podolsk Governorate remained relatively backward compared to European standards, reflecting the main trends of Russian industry in the 19th century. Overall, this article provides an important analysis of the industrial development in the region, helping to understand the historical prerequisites and peculiarities of the economic development of the Podolsk Governorate during the post-reform period.