Mixing devices in the cultivation of mycelial cultures: current state and prospects

Aim. To systematize data on the impact of mixing devices on the growth, morphology, and productivity of mycelial cultures in biotechnological processes, with the objective of identifying contemporary developments in mixing device configurations. This will facilitate the subsequent design of an original, modern, and innovative impeller that minimizes the limitations of current systems, including high energy consumption and mechanical shear damage to the mycelium. Methods. A systematic analysis of scientific articles from 2004 to 2025 was conducted using Scopus, ResearchGate, PubMed, and Google Scholar, with a focus on types of mixing systems. Results. Mechanical Rushton turbines increase metabolite yields by 35–200% for aerobic cultures, while hydrofoil impellers and pneumatic systems reduce energy consumption by 10–15% and are optimal for sensitive species, resulting in up to 15% increased biomass. Excessive shear reduces productivity by 20%. Conclusions. Mixing devices are critical for the sustainable production of antibiotics, enzymes, and biomass. Prospects involve hybrid designs and automation for scaling.