Conceptualization and evaluation of the «Smart City» paradigm in the context of sustainable development

The article examines the evolution of the «Smart City» concept from its origins in urban and technocratic theories of the 20th century to its contemporary interpretation within the context of sustainable development. The key stages of the evolution of the concept are analyzed – from the idea of a «rational city» to the model of «digital equilibrium». Three main waves of development of the «Smart City» concept are identified: technocratic (1990-2000), socially inclusive (2010-2020), and integration or «Smart City 4.0» (from 2020). The relevance and need for expanded research on smart city concepts for effective implementation in urbanization conditions are substantiated. The current problems of urbanization are considered, taking into account the main areas of population activity, quality of life, and sustainable development, which encompass areas such as education, healthcare, transportation, and public administration. It is revealed that the modern «Smart City» paradigm is based on a combination of digital and spatial justice. A historical and theoretical typology of approaches to «Smart Cities» is proposed, which can serve as the basis for further research into sustainable urban models. Different approaches to planning and implementing smart cities are characterized, considering not only modern technologies, but also good governance, economic development, educational opportunities, and social equality. The main advantages of using smart cities in solving problems arising from urbanization are demonstrated.