SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS: COMPLICATION OF DISEASE AND RISK OF DEATH ON CHRONIC KIDNEY PATIENTS NONHEMODIALYSIS

Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a condition of reducing renal function in excreting metabolism residual. Dietary habit, using of drugs in a long time, losing of body fluid, infection, a complication of disease and family history are the factors of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), while ESRD becomes one of the largest public health problems in the world. Objective : To evaluate the complication of disease and risk of death in chronic kidney disease (CKD) non-hemodialysis patients. Method : literature review about studies that reported the risk of death from CKD. The accumulated risk is calculated using the ratio of confidence for the method of random effects meta-analysis of the data medium quality and high quality. Results : Atherosclerosis is increased in CKD patients. It is known from Zahran, M.et.al study whereas they did research about risk factor of atherosclerosis by measuring Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) for all subjects. Besides that, CKD changes the metabolism of vitamin D which is one of the most important factors in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism and chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD_MBD). Chronic kidney disease patients also cannot produce Erythropoietin Stimulating Agent (ESA) like normal patients, so it causes anemia. Diabetes mellitus, hypokalemia, and hyperkalemia also found in CKD patients.There are some complications of chronic kidney disease: cardiovascular disease, deficiency vitamin D, diabetes mellitus type II, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, and anemia. Conclusion : These complications will be a risk of death factors on CKD patients if the patients are not handled well. Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease, Risk of Death, Complications , Non-Hemodialysis, Anemia, Diabetes Mellitus