A review on kidney stones: introduction, diagnosis and pharmacological management and future direction

Kidney stones are one of the major causes of morbidity in worldwide. Medical therapy reduces stone recurrence significantly. The pathogenetic mechanisms of stone formation are intricate and involve both metabolic and environmental risk factors. This review discusses the introduction of kidney stones and its type and pharmacotherapy in the prevention of stones and future directions in the treatment. Original and review articles were found for Kidney stones, diagnosis, and management of kidney stones. Despite the epidemiological development, there exists clear conception how to diagnose the metabolic disorders behind and how to treat them eûectively. It is just good policy to treat the cause of disease instead of removing its symptom. Fluid intake to promote urine volume of at least 2.5 L each day is essential. Dietary recommendations should be adjusted based on individual metabolic abnormalities. Calcium-based urinary calculi are emerging as a new concept in stone research that continues to provide important insights for improved understanding and prevention of urinary stone disease.