Study of Refrigeration System for Achieving Cryogenic Temperatures

This study provides an overview of the common means of achieving cryogenic temperatures for useful exploitation, including both passive systems involving the use of liquid and frozen cryogens, as well as active cryo-refrigeration systemscommonly referred to as cryo-coolers. Separate subsections articulate the basic operating principles and engineering aspects of the leading cryo-cooler types Stirling, pulse-tube, Gifford-McMahon, Joule-Thomson and Brayton. Because this field is very extensive, the goal of the study is to provide an introductory description of the available technologies and to summarize the key decision factors and engineering considerations in the acquisition and use of cryogenic cooling systems