Principles of Decomposition of the Language System, Definition of the Opposition of Its Elements and Their Integration in the Construction of Linguistic and Computational Concepts

The purpose of the study is to consider the decomposition of language and the possibility of using the method of oppositions of linguistic elements, which naturally converge to form a common system. The study presents the classical theoretical principles of opposition from the point of view of philosophy, logic and linguistics. Following this, linguistic opposition is considered in the context of reality, which forms complex relationships between the compared elements of the language system, and not from the point of view of formal logic, which would limit the oppositional possibilities of the language system and language as a whole. Against this background, the vector of the still unformulated system of some concepts and their differentiation is determined, especially in linguistics (for example, dichotomy, dualism, bondage, etc.). To achieve this goal, first of all, decomposition was considered as a process of dividing a model into elements, the general solution of which, in relation to language, is abstraction, aimed at the reverse process to dismemberment - the reduction of parts meaningful to the researcher, while providing an understanding of their diffusion, completeness and accuracy of the model structure. Against this background, despite the inconclusive solution in philosophy and science to the dispute between elementarianism and holism, the article attempts to consider these two concepts in relation to language as a system and language as a domestic means of communication. Secondly, the method of opposition of subsystems and elements of the language is introduced on the linguistic material, which makes it possible to identify not only the obvious external differences between the compared parts, but also those qualitative properties that form the overall volume of the system, and thereby unite the matched pair, structuring the system. As a linguistic material, the article examines oppositional relations between particular elements in the field of phonology, grammar and lexicology of the Russian language; describes speech and linguistic processes that took place outside and in speech activity using the example of the Latin language in different periods of its existence. The results of the article provide illustrative theoretical and linguistic material for the realization of the main goal of systemic linguistics as a science - the awareness of language as a system. This approach can serve to create algorithms necessary for bringing together systems of externally independent disciplines, which is very important for achieving goals and solving problems in the field of computational linguistics.