A stove as a heating device of folk accommodation in middle podniprovia (structural-functional and world view aspects)

Nowadays it is impossible to imagine a comfortable existence in the room without heating appliances. The primary "heating systems" appeared in the Stone Age. Ancient people made fire in their dwellings to warm themselves in bad weather (and at the same time fire was also served as “a stove” for cooking). With the development of human society, heating appliances have also evolved to ensure people's comfortable existence. Some centuries BC, the first heating stoves with chimneys for the removal of combustion products have appeared. These stoves are used till now guiding the improvements to increase their effectiveness. A great contribution in “heating history” was made by engineers of an ancient Rome. The system, which was called "hiupokaustum (warming floor), was quite complicated but effective. From the stove that was outside the building fuel was burned and through the network of special channels passing through the floor space and in the walls hot air heated these partitions, and then gave the heat to the interior air. In the XV-XVIII centuries clay and brick stoves were widespread; in rich houses, indeed, it was possible to see glased tile stove that was considered as a great luxury for that period. In Ukraine these types of stoves were widely used in everyday life. Today it is still possible to find the Ukrainian houses where stoves are actively used, but for the most part they have become an element of decoration. In ancient times, stoves had always been an indispensable attribute of every Ukrainian house. Identifying the features of the development of the Ukrainian stove as an element of interior design, everyday life and culture of the Ukrainians attracts interest, both for ethnographers and historians, as well as for builders and engineers, because today the issue of heat preservation and heating facilities in Ukraine is extremely relevant, because they relate to intensely vulnerable topics for today's society – gas, coal, utility tariffs, etc. In Ukrainian folk tradition, folk dwelling belongs to the main sections of the traditional ethnic culture and the system of heating and energy efficiency, in turn, is one of its most important typical features. The Ukrainian stove has such specific features in the system of national housing. The stove, being the heart of the Ukrainian house, had its own peculiarities of constructive and functional solutions. Before investigating the stove as a heating appliance, we clarify a concept of “heating” – artificial heating of apartments during the heating period in order to compensate heat losses and support at a given temperature that matches the criteria of thermal comfort and/or requirements of the technological process. The purpose of the research is to highlight unfamiliar aspects, including the constructively-functional heating appliances of Ukrainian folk housing, particularly stoves. Conclusions. 1. The main heating devices in Dnipropetrovshchyna region, particularly in the villages of Petrykivskoho district were a “varysta” stove, which carried out the functions of heating and cooking, stove and pallet. 2. In modern houses, for the most part, only stove-beds and stoves have preserved as heating appliances, while “varysta” stove has been replaced by technologically new gas stoves. 3. Structural and functional features of the “varysta” stove are closely connected with the peculiarities of the economy, but it has a general character, which is generated by the need for safety operation of the stove. 4. Heating appliances, devices for their servicing and removal of fume occupied a prominent place in countryman's traditional worldview and ceremonial-customary culture. Today these traditions are visibly losing. 5. The tradition of decorating and painting heating appliances has preserved till nowadays, performing only an aesthetic function.