CULTIVATION OF MYOBLASTS AND MYOSATELLITOCYTES IN VITRO

Hereditary myodystrophies are progressive severe leading to disability or death. Severity of these diseases is defined by abundance and multifunctionality of muscle tissue in a human body. One of methods used to study myodystrophies and, in particular, pathophysiology of muscle tissue is the method of cell culturing. This method allows to study behavior of normal and mutant cells in different conditions, and also influence of the therapeutic drugs on muscle cells. In in vitro stu-dies both primary cell lines as well as permanent immortalized cells are used. A pioneer of the muscle tissue cultivation was N.G. Khlopin who developed the method of explantation, which formed the basis for the modern protocols of muscle сell isolation. Modern methods are divided into two large groups: methods using fermentative digestion of tissues and methods using explantation of isolated muscle fibers. Non-myogenic source of allogenic myoblasts are induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC) obtained from donor's fibroblasts. There exist three types of myogenic differentiation induction: transfection of IPSC with myogenic regulatory factors, stepwise activation or inhibition of signal pathways participating in myohistogenesis, and differentiation via free-floating spheroids. Other non-myogenic sources are multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells and fibroblasts. The most common immortalized myogenic cell line is C2C12 line of murine myoblasts capable of rapid differentiation to myotubes. Less common are MM14 line demonstrating dissociation of phenotypes, and L6 line used in studies of glucose metabolism.