EFFECT OF PHYSICAL EXERCISES ON METABOLISM AND REMODELING OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Physical training has many positive physiological effects, in particular, it strengthens the cardiovascular system. Periodic metabolic stress that occurs during regular physical exertion is a fundamental factor in remodeling of the cardiovascular system. It should be understood that exercises of different types, intensity or duration induce different levels of metabolic stress and can contribute to different types of remodeling of body systems. Despite the accumulated large amount of material on this topic, it is still not completely clear in what types of physical activity, and at what stage of the training process irreversible structural changes in the myocardium will occur. In this review, the effects of various types of exercise on the structure and function of the heart are discussed. According to modern data, exercise produces a positive effect on remodeling of the heart and its adaptation. This is manifested by the growth and proliferation of cardiac myocytes. However, chronic extreme levels of load may increase the risk of pathological cardiac remodeling or may even lead to sudden cardiac death. Metabolic periodicity is a new topic underlying acute as well as chronic adaptation of the heart to exercise. It is likely to produce an important effect on regulation of mitochondrial functioning by mediating stimulation of gene programs and kinase enzymes activation, and also by coordinating the activity of biosynthetic pathways. Further understanding of how changes in metabolism mediated by exercise, control transmission of signals and expression of gene will maximize the benefits of exercise for heart health.