Legal Barriers and Opportunities in The Digital Transformation of Waqf Management in Malaysia: A Critical Analysis

Ambiguities surrounding the Shariah compatibility of blockchain and smart contracts, coupled with insufficient data protection measures, pose risks to the integrity of waqf management. However, opportunities exist to modernize waqf practices by expanding the CCA and PDPA, ensuring enhanced cybersecurity and data privacy. This article critically analyzes the legal barriers and opportunities in the digital transformation of waqf management in Malaysia.