Blooming of 3D to 5D Printing Technology in Biomedical Engineering

The aeon of 2D printing has moved towards 3D additive manufacturing to 4D bioprinting which has now advanced to 5D printing. These advanced techniques are widely being used in various streams of engineering and medical fields. 3D printing involves a procedure of fabricating three dimensional items through additive manufacturing, i.e., creating the substance by laying one layer over the other. In medical field, the 3D printing utilizes the bioink (containing live cells and biomaterials) for creating the biological models. But these models exhibit the stationary conduct after their manufacture and also lack the stimulus responses. Thus, this led to development of 4D technologies which creates 3D objects which are able to alter their shape and size with time on variation of some external impetus like pH, temperature, light, magnetic field & electric field etc. Major 4D printing techniques are based on deformation of materials and maturation of engineered tissue constructs. 5D printing permits the creation of 3D object in five different angles towards top which leads to the formation of a tougher and curved layered object