Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management of Hyponatremia: A Review

Abstract: Hyponatremia is a multifactorial physiogical disorder characterized by serum sodium concentration less than 135 mmol/litre and contributing to 15-30% human blood osmoregulatory disorders. It may be euvolemic, hypovolemic or hypervolemic. The factors like severity, symptoms and nature of onset determines the type of treatment to be followed. Hypovolemic hyponatremia is normally treated by normal saline while 3% NaCl and fluid restriction are significant for euvolemic hyponatremia. Hypervolemic hyponatremia responds well to fluid restriction and diuretics. Judicious use of drugs like vaptans may help in treatment of hyponatremia. This review paper attempts to highlight a systematic approach towards diagnosis and management of hyponatremia.