Adaptation to Climate Change and Variability by Gender in Agro-pastoral Communities of Tanzania

Gender division of roles in agro-pastoral societies of semi-arid parts of Tanzania influence the exposure of women and men into various experiences, skills, knowledge, technology and resources, in similar ways to how they are exposed to climate risks and opportunities. This paper examines gender based vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change in these communities. The study was undertaken in two villages of Chamwino District in Tanzania. Data collection involved focus group discussions, key informant interviews and household interviews (5%). Rainfall and temperature data for the past 30 years were also analysed. Indicators of climate change and variability were revealed from both climate and social studies. Annual mean rainfall decreased from 700mm in 1980 to 490mm in 2010 while average temperatures were increasing steadily. The findings indicate that recent climatic changes have favoured pest and diseases, which affects crops, livestock and people. Late onset and early end of rain season were also recorded which lengthened the hot season of the year and early drying of water sources. It was further established that, the change in gendered roles affected women and girls more than men and boys because activities related to chores that are women roles were most affected. Responses to climatic stresses also varied by sex because they had been exposed to different skills and experiences. Lack of resources in female headed households increased severity to impacts and hindered their capacity to overcome stresses