RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS AND THEIR UTILIZATION BY MICROORGANISMS

With the development of antibiotics application, their spread in the natural environment increases dramatically. The presence of antibiotics in the environment changes microorganism and other living beings ratio and composition, which causes a negative impact on biochemical processes that take place in the environment. The spread of antibiotic resistance genes in environmental microorganisms is a growing problem of environmental safety and human health. Aim. The objective of the work was to analyze the adaptation mechanisms of microorganisms to the influence of antibiotics and methods for antibiotics utilization. Results. The mechanisms of microorganisms' adaptation to antibiotics are shown. The conditions for utilization of different antibiotics classes by microorganisms are provided. Conclusions. Methods of antibiotics destruction depend on its structure and physicochemical properties. Physico-chemical methods are used for local waste purification and are not suitable for antibiotics disposal in the natural environment. The decomposition products can also have a negative effect on the microorganisms' cells. Depending on the class of antibiotics, their biodegradation occurs by different types of microorganisms. It has been shown that sulfonamides and amphinecoles are easily destroyed by many heterotrophic bacteria; biodegradation of aminoglycosides occurs by a strain of Pseudomonas spp.; tetracyclines - mushrooms; β-lactams - through the microorganisms' association including: Burkholderiales, Pseudomonadales, Enterobacteriales, Actinomycetales, Rhizobiales, Sphingobacteriales. A consortium of destructors must be created to dispose of a specific classes of antibiotics.